VA loans are mortgages granted to veterans, service members on active
duty, members of national guards, reservists, or surviving spouses,
guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). As long as
the person was given a DD 214 document, which proves honorable
discharge on good terms, they may qualify. VA loans are intended to
help growing populations of homeless veterans in the U.S. find
affordable houses. VA loans make up a small portion of all mortgages
in the U.S. due to the specific demographic who qualify, but studies
have shown that they have the lowest foreclosure rates of all loans.
VA Funding Fee
A VA funding fee is a one-time payment that borrowers typically pay as
part of acquiring a VA loan. The fee is a percentage of the loan
amount that varies from 0% to 3.3% depending on factors such as the
down payment amount, veteran's military experience, type of home, and
loan purpose. It is the fee that goes towards the upkeep of the
program and is used in the case that a borrower defaults.
For applicants with 10% or more service-related disability (or their
surviving spouse), the fee is waived.
The VA funding fee can be financed into the loan amount. All other
fees must be paid in cash at closing after negotiations to determine
whether the buyers or sellers are responsible for them.
Below is a chart that shows the standard VA funding fee structure:
Down Payment
First Time Use
Second and Subsequent Use
<5%
2.15%
3.3%
5-10%
1.5%
1.5%
≥10%
1.25%
1.25%
There are also other VA Funding Fee rates for different scenarios:
Interest Rate Reduction Refinancing Loans: 0.50% Also called
IRRRL, they can be used to lower interest rates by refinancing
existing VA loans. It is also possible to refinance adjustable-rate
mortgages (ARM) into fixed-rate mortgages.
Assumptions: 0.50% A loan assumption allows a third party to
step in and take over the remainder of the loan without a new
mortgage. Note that the assumer does not have to be a veteran, just
as long as they are approved by the lender.
Manufactured Home Loans (Not Permanently Affixed): 1.00% Manufactured
homes, or mobile homes that are not permanently affixed, have a
fixed rate of 1.00%.
Other Common Fees Paid at Closing
Aside from the VA funding fee, borrowers will most likely need to pay
some closing fees:
Loan Origination Fee—Used to cover administrative costs for
processing of VA loans.
Loan Discount Points—Charged in order to receive interest
rates lower than current market rates. Two discount points (2%), or
less, is considered to be reasonable. Discount points may be paid by
either the buyer or seller.
Credit Report—This fee is paid to credit agencies to evaluate
the credit history of a potential borrower. It may not be refunded,
even if the loan never closes.
Appraisal Fee—Appraisals are formal statements of property
value to determine maximum loan amounts obtained without a down
payment. Non-refundable even if loan never closes.
Hazard Insurance and Real Estate Taxes—Necessary to insure
payment of taxes and insurance during the first year.
Title Insurance—Used to verify there are no outstanding liens
against the property.
Recording Fee—Used to record deed on county records.
Certain fees are normally not paid by buyers. These include brokerage
fees, real estate commissions, and title insurance.
Pros and Cons of VA Loans
Like any financial product, VA loans have pros and cons.
Pros
The defining feature of any VA loan is that there is no down payment
required. There are only a handful of mortgages today that don't
require a down payment; the other two are Navy Federal and USDA. In
comparison, conventional loans normally require at least 5%, while
FHA loans require a bare minimum of 3.5%.
There is no mortgage insurance involved, relieving VA loan borrowers
of a big expense.
Sellers and buyers are allowed to negotiate the payment of fees.
Sellers can pay portions of or even all of the closing fees, up to
4% of the loan amount. However, they are under no obligation to do
so.
VA loans can be used for purchases or refinance on existing loans,
and qualified applicants need not be first-time buyers and can reuse
their benefits.
Typically, both the interest rates and closing costs are slightly
lower than other mortgages.
Because property appraisals are done by the VA, homebuyers are given
some peace of mind that they probably will not overpay for a certain
home.
Cons
Only applicants given DD 214 documents can qualify for VA loans.
The VA funding fee can be expensive for those not exempted.
VA loans cannot cover projected home improvements, so no fixer-upper
homes.
Not all sellers or lenders do business with VA purchasers, and the
ones who try to are usually not well-versed in dealing with them
because they are not as prevalent as other home loans. There have
been reports of erroneous information being passed on and lending
representatives lacking in knowledge. It is best to find expert real
estate agents or lenders who specialize in VA loans, but options for
loans are limited to what they can offer.
VA loans can only be used on primary residences (owner-occupied
homes only), not investment properties or empty land.
Relative to other loans, a lot of paperwork must be done at closing
for VA loans.
Considering the pros and cons, for anyone who can qualify, VA loans
are often the best option. This is especially true for those exempted
from VA funding fee and those who plan to put little or no down
payment. When comparing the VA loans with another loan, the VA funding
fee is the key. Make sure the VA funding fee to be paid is outweighed
by the benefits from the VA loan.
Prepayment
Making prepayments can potentially shorten the loan term and reduce
the interest payments. In the More Options input section of the
calculator is an Extra Payments section to input monthly, yearly, or
single payments. Use the results to see how much can be saved by
making extra payments in terms of interest paid as well as the
reduction in loan term. Note that, making prepayments is not for
everybody. Be sure to evaluate your financial situation before making
any prepayments.
There are no prepayment penalties or early payoff penalties associated
with VA guaranteed loans. According to Title 38 of the Electronic Code
of Federal Regulations, "The debtor shall have the right to prepay at
any time, without premium or fee, the entire indebtedness or any part
thereof not less than the amount of one installment, or $100,
whichever is less."
House Affordability
To determine the house affordability of a VA loan, please use our
House Affordability Calculator. In the Debt-to-Income (DTI) Ratio drop-down selection, there is an
option called VA Loan.
Although DTI ratio requirements are used by VA lenders as a tool to
gauge the risk concerning potential borrowers, if they cannot be met,
other possible considerations are reviewed before an application is
finally rejected. VA lenders may look at things such as a borrower's
history of income or dutiful payments of credit as compensating
factors.